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Game two - in which I lie down in a tunnel

Fortunately these days magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, once leading edge technology, are relatively ubiquitous and are quite good at identifying clusters of abnormal cells - tumours.

These machines subject one to a succession of very high magnetic pulses (typically 1.5 or 3 teslas (T)).

High magnetic fields are relatively harmless to humans - unlike x-rays.

As it is relatively harmless, the process can take a lot longer than a computed axial tomography (CAT) scan, that employs x-rays (in a similar looking machine) and thus MRI generates superior images for organ differentiation and tumour identification - tumours that a CAT scan may not see.

In order to achieve the very high magnetic flux required, coils of superconducting wire (niobium-titanium or niobium-tin) are used and these must be cooled using liquid helium (4.2 degrees above absolute zero).

 As long as one is not claustrophobic there is no sensation except for the loud noise generated by the pulsing of superconducting coils and in some machines the helium pump that delivers liquid helium to cool the coils. Ear protection and music is provided so that it can be pleasantly relaxing. Perhaps like one of those immersion tanks provided by spas?

An MRI scan turns out to be very interesting physics and quite good fun.

How does it work?

I suppose everyone with a basic education knows that the nucleus of an atom consists of protons (positively charged particles) and neutrons (having mass but no charge). Thus the charge carried by a nucleus may be more to one side than the other.  Under a strong magnetic field these nuclei and therefore their atoms and molecules will try to line up, like iron filings with a magnet. Atoms and molecules that are magnetically polar, as a result of the arrangement of protons in their nucleus (like hydrogen and therefore water), are momentarily rotated by the magnetic flux, then spring back. The effect varies according to the arrangement of molecules and therefore the type of body cell 

These events can be observed using radio waves, as in radar. To do this harmless microwave frequency radio waves, think of Bluetooth on your phone, bathe the patient and interact with the aforesaid atoms, molecules and cells. Externally placed antennas receive returned radio waves to build a map of a cross sections of the patient's body, as if sliced, to reveal one's vitals, in a similar way to those produced by the familiar radar scanners used in boats and aircraft.

The main limitation on an MRI scan is the need to exclude any ferromagnetic metals or metallic loops in which high currents could be induced.  Things like watches jewellery and heart pacemakers can be destroyed. Those with such devices must not approach the machine. Warnings of imminent death for pacemaker wearers abound.

 

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Travel

Spain and Portugal

 

 

Spain is in the news.

Spain has now become the fourth Eurozone country, after Greece, Ireland and Portugal, to get bailout funds in the growing crisis gripping the Euro.

Unemployment is high and services are being cut to reduce debt and bring budgets into balance.  Some economists doubt this is possible within the context of a single currency shared with Germany and France. There have been violent but futile street demonstrations.

Read more: Spain and Portugal

Fiction, Recollections & News

The Craft - Preface

 

 

 

Preface: 

 

The Craft is an e-novel about Witchcraft in a future setting.  It's a prequel to my dystopian novella: The Cloud: set in the the last half of the 21st century - after The Great Famine.

 As I was writing The Cloud, I imagined that in fifty years the great bulk of the population will rely on their Virtual Personal Assistant (VPA), hosted in The Cloud, evolved from the primitive Siri and Cortana assistants available today. Owners will name their VPA and give him or her a personalised appearance, when viewed on a screen or in virtual-reality.

VPAs have obviated the need for most people to be able to read or write or to be numerate. If a text or sum is within view of a Cloud-connected camera, one can simply ask your VPA who will tell you what it says or means in your own language, explaining any difficult concepts by reference to the Central Encyclopaedia.

The potential to give the assistant multi-dimensional appearance and a virtual, interactive, body suggested the evolution of the: 'Sexy Business Assistant'. Employing all the resources of the Cloud, these would be super-smart and enhance the owner's business careers. Yet they are insidiously malicious, bankrupting their owners and causing their deaths before evaporating in a sea of bits.  But who or what could be responsible?  Witches?

Read more: The Craft - Preface

Opinions and Philosophy

Australia and Empire

 

 

 

The recent Australia Day verses Invasion Day dispute made me recall yet again the late, sometimes lamented, British Empire.

Because, after all, the Empire was the genesis of Australia Day.

For a brief history of that institution I can recommend Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World by Scottish historian Niall Campbell Ferguson.

My choice of this book was serendipitous, unless I was subconsciously aware that Australia Day was approaching.  I was cutting through our local bookshop on my way to catch a bus and wanted something to read.  I noticed this thick tomb, a new addition to the $10 Penguin Books (actually $13). 

On the bus I began to read and very soon I was hooked when I discovered references to places I'd been and written of myself.  Several of these 'potted histories' can be found in my various travel writings on this website (follow the links): India and the Raj; Malaya; Burma (Myanmar); Hong Kong; China; Taiwan; Egypt and the Middle East; Israel; and Europe (a number).  

Over the next ten days I made time to read the remainder of the book, finishing it on the morning of Australia Day, January the 26th, with a sense that Ferguson's Empire had been more about the sub-continent than the Empire I remembered.

Read more: Australia and Empire

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